Kidney stones are small, hard deposits in the kidney formed by the crystallization of mineral and acids salts. Approximately 80% of kidney stones are made of calcium oxalate. As a result, the majority of research on kidneys stones is related to the prevention of calcium oxalate stones. Other stones consist primarily of calcium phosphate, a mix of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite stones), and uric acid.

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a neurological disorder that causes a person to periodically move their legs in response to an uncomfortable or unpleasant sensation in the legs. In the United States, 5-15% of the population suffers from RLS.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the number one cause of progressive vision loss and blindness in developed countries. Of Americans over age 65, at least 10% have some loss of vision due to AMD and as many as 30% of Americans over the age of 75 are affected.